Jemila Mellin | Understanding the potential impacts of rabbit decline on the feeding behaviour of foxes

MSc in Marine Science & Climate Change

Image of Jemila Mellin | Understanding the potential impacts of rabbit decline on the feeding behaviour of foxes

Research Project Overview

My research project focuses on understanding the potential impacts of rabbit decline on the feeding behaviour of foxes, as rabbits are a keystone species and a preferred prey for foxes. Additionally, I reviewed the existing reintroduction process for rabbits, comparing it to the literature to identify any gaps and areas for improvement. The study involved three sites within the Nature Reserve. Data collection consisted of scat samples taken from each site, which were analysed in the laboratory, as well as video footage obtained from camera traps. Vegetation surveys were also conducted to evaluate the plant species present at each site, and communication with the key individual overseeing the Rabbit Reintroduction Programme (Francis Avellano) to gather insights into the current reintroduction process. The findings from this study have provided baseline data across various aspects of the Nature Reserve including significant differences in food items consumed by foxes across the different sites. These results highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring of both rabbit and fox populations, especially given the recent declines in rabbit numbers, to mitigate any negative impacts on foxes. Furthermore, the findings will enhance our understanding of fox behaviours and inform habitat and species management strategies, including recommendations for the Rabbit Reintroduction Programme.

What type of research has it involved and what skills have you learned?

The research employed throughout this project included a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of fox and rabbit behaviour, foxes feeding habits, and the process of rabbit reintroduction. A literature review was conducted to understand existing methodologies and best practices, which informed the practical implementation of scat analysis and camera trap surveys. To estimate abundance and activity patterns of both rabbits and foxes, camera traps were placed in three different sites within the Gibraltar Nature Reserve, and the footage was later analysed. Scat analysis was also conducted to assess the dietary habits of the foxes, with fox scat samples collected from the three sites.

Additionally, a vegetation survey was performed at the beginning of the project to evaluate the diversity of plant species at each site; the data from this survey was then used to determine which site had a higher diversity of plant species.

Communication with Francis Avellano, who oversees the rabbit reintroduction programme, provided valuable insights into current processes and challenges. I developed statistical skills through the analysis of data using R Studio, which allowed for identification of patterns and trends. Practical sessions prepared me for fieldwork where survey and scat analysis skills were enhanced, ensuring data collection was both accurate and reliable. Additionally, proficiency in identifying food items present in scat samples was significantly increased.

WERE THERE ANY PARTNERS/ STAKEHOLDERS ON YOUR PROJECT?

The primary stakeholder involved throughout my project was the Department of Environment. Stephen Warr facilitated meetings and provided contacts for individuals in the field, including Francis Avellano, who is the lead on the rabbit reintroduction programme. I collaborated closely with Francis Avellano, who granted access to the study sites and shared valuable information regarding the rabbit programme. Chris Durante also assisted in facilitating access to the sites and provided extra camera traps for my fieldwork. Keith Bensusan, Rhiann Guillem and Bethany Gadd from the Botanical Gardens also contributed, by verifying the invertebrate species found in the scat samples, while Keith aided with bone and fur identification. Leslie Linares aided in identifying plant species and supplied images for use in the project. The expertise provided by the various stakeholders have been invaluable in supporting my independent research project .

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WHY SHOULD THE PUBLIC KNOW ABOUT THIS TOPIC?

In light of the recent increase in fox sightings, it is essential that the public are more informed about the wildlife present in Gibraltar and the reasons why these animals may move from their natural habitats into urban areas. With fewer rabbits in the Nature Reserve, foxes will venture further afield in search of food, leading to serious consequences, particularly on the roads, where they are at risk of collisions with vehicles. Given that there are not many foxes in Gibraltar, it is vital to promote awareness about the local wildlife to foster a more conscious co-existence between humans and animals. By enhancing public understanding about the ecological roles of both foxes and rabbits, and the impact human actions can have on animal behaviours, human-wildlife conflicts may be mitigated.

WHAT IS THE WIDER IMPACT OF YOUR RESEARCH?

In Gibraltar, foxes are an apex predator and understanding their feeding habits and behaviours is essential to inform species and habitat management strategies. Currently, there are no studies focusing on fox populations within the Gibraltar Nature Reserve. The information from this study could serve as a resource for future students at the University of Gibraltar who may wish to build upon these findings and develop long-term research and monitoring programmes. Moreover, the findings within this study provide baseline data regarding rabbit and fox populations in Gibraltar, including their behaviours and feeding habits, as well as information on vegetation at three sites within the Nature Reserve and the impact of rabbit foraging behaviours on the existing vegetation. This information could compliment the current Gibraltar Nature Reserve Management Plan (2019) which solely offers general statements about species reintroductions and management.

In addition, this study presents recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the current Rabbit Reintroduction Programme. By implementing the methods outlined in the literature, wildlife managers can reduce the reliance on captive breeding practices. The insights gained from this project also highlight the various factors influencing rabbit populations, which can inform targeted habitat management strategies to further enhance the success of rabbit reintroductions. These habitat management recommendations could be adapted and applied in other countries with small Nature Reserves similar to Gibraltar.

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COMMENTS FROM HEAD OF SCHOOL

Jemila’s research has shed light on activity patterns of two mammal species within the Gibraltar Nature Reserve. Given that the rabbits had succumbed to a viral disease, possible ‘knock-on’ effects were evaluated using a using a variety of techniques. Camera traps are a non-invasive technique used to obtain data on presence and activity of animals and enable scientists to study wildlife and their habitats and make important decisions regarding conservation efforts.

I am especially proud of Jemila’s journey through the Environmental Science programme as she came to us as from her career in teaching with a view of ‘up-skilling’ skills and knowledge on Environmental matters and policy to inform her teaching curricula. She has graduated from the programme with a newfound interest in research on wildlife on Gibraltar’s doorstep and renewed vigour in sense of self and development.

I would like to thank all aforementioned stakeholders that have contributed to the programme and in particular Bethany Gadd, her primary supervisor for her dissertation. At UniGib we are proud to contribute to students’ development and nurture their interests for their chosen career paths.

Dr Awantha Dissanayake,
Head of School (Marine & Environmental Sciences)